noun N person, place, or thing John Lafayette apple party democracy freedom verb V action/activity run eat think love adjectives A Adj describes properties of things nouns big small red blue green yellow orange round square adverbs Adv properties of verbs activities quickly slowly prepositions P spatial relations in on above below at path prepositions from to temporal relations before after during words phrases John ate apples ------ John ate the red apple ------------- John ate the apple on the table ---------------------- noun phrase NP John ate John slept John ate in the morning ------------------ John slept in the morning -------------------- John ate the apple ------------- verb phrase VP the big apple --- the very big apple -------- the small apple ----- the incredibly small apple ---------------- adjective phrase AP AdjP John ran quickly ------- John ran very quickly ------------ adverbial phrase AdvP John went inside ------ John went in -- John went in to the building ------------------ John went outside ------- John went out --- John went out of the building ------------------- prepositional phrase PP X XP cat singular number cats plural number dog singular dogs plural Xs red cat red apple A N gato rojo masculine gender manzana roja feminine gender N A gender agreement between adjective and noun gatos rojos manzanas rojas number agreement between adjective and noun adjectives appear before or after nouns head initial/head final I walk first person You walk second person He walks third person person agreement between subject and verb number agreement between subject and verb person first/second/third number singular/plural/dual gender masculine/feminine legs dual yo ando first person tu andas second person lo anda third person person agreement between subject and verb the cat the apple el gato la manzana los gatos las mananzas determiner D DET Det agreement between determiner and noun in gender and number John walks present tense John walked past tense John will walk future tense John ate which apple ----------- John ate the apple --------- John ate the red apple ------------- John ate which red apple --------------- John ate which big red round apple John ate the big red round apple Which big red round apple did John eat X? ------------------------- - *The big red round apple did John eat? Wh-movement Wh-word What Which When Where Whom Why How many John ate how many apples? How many apples did John eat? John ate the apples the apples that John ate X ---------- - John said that Mary saw Bill ------------- It seems that Mary saw Bill ------------- It rains It snows Pleonastic it John seems X to have seen Bill ---- -